Author: Lubos Rendek

Date: 10.09.2009

Update: 04.03.2010 – Section 7.2 was created to clarify relation between Pointers and Arrays in C++

Introduction

This article is intended to all programing enthusiasts on all levels who do wish to understand pointers in C++ language. All code presented here is not a compiler specific and all examples will be written in plain ANSI C++. Debate about pointers can stretch for miles, and you would need to go really far to master it all. If you really want to run that far, this article gives you a clear understanding of fundamental concepts about pointers and prepares you for that journey. However, those who are new to C++ programming make sure that you are able to write and run your own C++ “hello world” program, and also it is recommended that you have a basic understanding of C++ functions and classes. If you need to refresh your knowledge about how to compile and run C++ program, use functions and classes, please read an appendix at the end of this document before you continue reading this article.

What is a Pointer?

Pointer is a variable that stores a memory address. OK, that is simple ! But, what is a memory address then? Every variable is located under unique location within a computer’s memory and this unique location has its own unique address, the memory address. Normally, variables hold values such as 5 or “hello” and these values are stored under specific location within computer memory. However, pointer is a different beast, because it holds the memory address as its value and has an ability to “point” ( hence pointer ) to certain value within a memory, by use of its associated memory address.

Retrieving a Variable’s Memory Address

OK, enough talking and let’s get down to the pointer business. To retrieve a variable’s memory address, we need to use address-of operator &.

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
  using namespace std;
// Declare an integer variable and initialize it with 99
  unsigned short int myInt = 99;
// Print out value of myInt
  cout << myInt << endl;
// Use address-of operator & to print out 
// a memory address of myInt
  cout << &myInt << endl;

return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

99
0xbff26312

The first line of the output contains an integer value 99 and on the second line, there is a memory address of myInt printed out. Please note that your output will be different.

Assigning a Variable’s Memory Address to a Pointer

Before we can assign a memory address to a pointer, we need to declare one. Declaring a pointer in C++ is as simple as to declare any other variable with one single difference. Asterix symbol ” * ” needs to be add and located after variable type and before a variable name. One rule has to be followed when assigning memory address to a pointer: pointer type has to match with variable type it will point to. One exception is a pointer to void, which can handle different types of variables it will point to. To declare a pointer pMark of type unsigned short int a following syntax is to be used:

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
  using namespace std;

// Declare and initialize a pointer.
  unsigned short int * pPointer = 0;
// Declare an integer variable and initialize it with 35698
  unsigned short int twoInt = 35698;
// Declare an integer variable and initialize it with 77
  unsigned short int oneInt = 77;
// Use address-of operator & to assign a memory address of twoInt to a pointer
  pPointer = &twoInt;
// Pointer pPointer now holds a memory address of twoInt

// Print out associated memory addresses and its values
  cout << "pPointer's memory address:\t\t" << &pPointer << endl;
  cout << "Integer's oneInt memory address:\t" << &oneInt << "\tInteger value:\t" << oneInt << endl;
  cout << "Integer's twoInt memory address:\t" << &twoInt << "\tInteger value:\t" << twoInt << endl;
  cout << "pPointer is pointing to memory address:\t" << pPointer << "\tInteger value:\t" << *pPointer << endl;

return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

pPointer's memory address:              0xbff43314
Integer's oneInt memory address:        0xbff43318      Integer value:  77
Integer's twoInt memory address:        0xbff4331a      Integer value:  35698
pPointer is pointing to memory address: 0xbff4331a      Integer value:  35698

The diagram above is a high level visual abstraction of how are variables stored within a computer memory. Pointer pPointer starts at memory address 0xbff43314 and takes 4 bytes. Pointer pPointer holds as a value a memory address of a short int twoInt ( 2 bytes ) which is 0xbff4331a. This address is stored as a binary data within a pointer’s memory space allocation. Therefore, dereferencing a pointer with a memory address 0xbff4331a will indirectly access a value of twoInt which is in this case a positive integer 36698.

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Introduction

This tutorial has been written for both vi and vim. It starts with real basics, such as cursor navigation and ends with more advanced techniques like merging files.

For every section of this tutorial there is a short video with hints to help you understand how vim / vi works. Even that I have divided this tutorial into parts from novice to the expert user, there is plenty more what vim can do to make your work with vim editor easier and more efficient.

However completing this tutorial you will give sufficient knowledge about vim / vi and its features for your daily tasks.

Vim Novice level ( Vim Basics )

Moving cursor around

In vim you can move cursor around with following keys h, l, k, j which is left, right, up and down respectively.

You can move cursor around also with arrow keys, however this is possible only if they are available.

Vim was designed for all kinds of terminals where arrow keys may not be available for you. Moreover, once you get used to using vim with h, l, k, j you will move more quickly than using arrow keys.

Open some text file and try use above keys now:

vim yourfile.txt

NOTE: You do not have to create a file prior to execution of the above command. If the file does not exists it will be created. If the file does exists it will be opened.

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